Named Address Spaces#

As an extension, GNU C supports named address spaces as defined in the N1275 draft of ISO/IEC DTR 18037. Support for named address spaces in GCC will evolve as the draft technical report changes. Calling conventions for any target might also change. At present, only the AVR, M32C, PRU, RL78, and x86 targets support address spaces other than the generic address space.

Address space identifiers may be used exactly like any other C type qualifier (e.g., const or volatile). See the N1275 document for more details.

AVR Named Address Spaces#

On the AVR target, there are several address spaces that can be used in order to put read-only data into the flash memory and access that data by means of the special instructions LPM or ELPM needed to read from flash.

Devices belonging to avrtiny and avrxmega3 can access flash memory by means of LD* instructions because the flash memory is mapped into the RAM address space. There is no need for language extensions like __flash or attribute AVR Variable Attributes. The default linker description files for these devices cater for that feature and .rodata stays in flash: The compiler just generates LD* instructions, and the linker script adds core specific offsets to all .rodata symbols: 0x4000 in the case of avrtiny and 0x8000 in the case of avrxmega3. See AVR Options for a list of respective devices.

For devices not in avrtiny or avrxmega3, any data including read-only data is located in RAM (the generic address space) because flash memory is not visible in the RAM address space. In order to locate read-only data in flash memory and to generate the right instructions to access this data without using (inline) assembler code, special address spaces are needed.

__flash

The __flash qualifier locates data in the .progmem.data section. Data is read using the LPM instruction. Pointers to this address space are 16 bits wide.

__flash1 __flash2 __flash3 __flash4 __flash5

These are 16-bit address spaces locating data in section .progmemN.data where N refers to address space __flashN. The compiler sets the RAMPZ segment register appropriately before reading data by means of the ELPM instruction.

__memx

This is a 24-bit address space that linearizes flash and RAM: If the high bit of the address is set, data is read from RAM using the lower two bytes as RAM address. If the high bit of the address is clear, data is read from flash with RAMPZ set according to the high byte of the address. See AVR Built-in Functions.

Objects in this address space are located in .progmemx.data.

Example

char my_read (const __flash char ** p)
{
    /* p is a pointer to RAM that points to a pointer to flash.
       The first indirection of p reads that flash pointer
       from RAM and the second indirection reads a char from this
       flash address.  */

    return **p;
}

/* Locate array[] in flash memory */
const __flash int array[] = { 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 };

int i = 1;

int main (void)
{
   /* Return 17 by reading from flash memory */
   return array[array[i]];
}

For each named address space supported by avr-gcc there is an equally named but uppercase built-in macro defined. The purpose is to facilitate testing if respective address space support is available or not:

#ifdef __FLASH
const __flash int var = 1;

int read_var (void)
{
    return var;
}
#else
#include <avr/pgmspace.h> /* From AVR-LibC */

const int var PROGMEM = 1;

int read_var (void)
{
    return (int) pgm_read_word (&var);
}
#endif /* __FLASH */

Notice that attribute AVR Variable Attributes locates data in flash but accesses to these data read from generic address space, i.e. from RAM, so that you need special accessors like pgm_read_byte from AVR-LibC together with attribute progmem.

Limitations and caveats

Reading across the 64 KiB section boundary of the __flash or __flashN address spaces shows undefined behavior. The only address space that supports reading across the 64 KiB flash segment boundaries is __memx.
If you use one of the __flashN address spaces you must arrange your linker script to locate the .progmemN.data sections according to your needs.
Any data or pointers to the non-generic address spaces must be qualified as const, i.e. as read-only data. This still applies if the data in one of these address spaces like software version number or calibration lookup table are intended to be changed after load time by, say, a boot loader. In this case the right qualification is const volatile so that the compiler must not optimize away known values or insert them as immediates into operands of instructions.
The following code initializes a variable pfoo located in static storage with a 24-bit address:
```
extern const __memx char foo;
const __memx void *pfoo = &foo;
```
On the reduced Tiny devices like ATtiny40, no address spaces are supported. Just use vanilla C / C++ code without overhead as outlined above. Attribute progmem is supported but works differently, see AVR Variable Attributes.

M32C Named Address Spaces#

On the M32C target, with the R8C and M16C CPU variants, variables qualified with __far are accessed using 32-bit addresses in order to access memory beyond the first 64 Ki bytes. If __far is used with the M32CM or M32C CPU variants, it has no effect.

PRU Named Address Spaces#

On the PRU target, variables qualified with __regio_symbol are aliases used to access the special I/O CPU registers. They must be declared as extern because such variables will not be allocated in any data memory. They must also be marked as volatile, and can only be 32-bit integer types. The only names those variables can have are __R30 and __R31, representing respectively the R30 and R31 special I/O CPU registers. Hence the following example is the only valid usage of __regio_symbol :

extern volatile __regio_symbol uint32_t __R30;
extern volatile __regio_symbol uint32_t __R31;

RL78 Named Address Spaces#

On the RL78 target, variables qualified with __far are accessed with 32-bit pointers (20-bit addresses) rather than the default 16-bit addresses. Non-far variables are assumed to appear in the topmost 64 KiB of the address space.

x86 Named Address Spaces#

On the x86 target, variables may be declared as being relative to the %fs or %gs segments.

__seg_fs __seg_gs

The object is accessed with the respective segment override prefix.

The respective segment base must be set via some method specific to the operating system. Rather than require an expensive system call to retrieve the segment base, these address spaces are not considered to be subspaces of the generic (flat) address space. This means that explicit casts are required to convert pointers between these address spaces and the generic address space. In practice the application should cast to uintptr_t and apply the segment base offset that it installed previously.

The preprocessor symbols __SEG_FS and __SEG_GS are defined when these address spaces are supported.